European wars of religion Essay Example for Free

European wars of religion Essay The 14th century was an era of great crisis for Europe; disorder in the Catholic Church rattled people’s faith in authorities and religion. In this dark period, Europeans desired a new start, or in other words a cultural rebirth. This cultural rebirth was named \ The Renaissance\ which gives meaning in French â€Å"rebirth† The people who gave this name also thought there was a clear distinction between Dark Ages and their century. They coined the terms â€Å"modern† and â€Å"ancient† and saw Middle Ages as a long break from enlightenment. In addition to that, according to the City University of New York at Brooklyn, â€Å"immense hunger for learning about classical antiquity was reborn† after the Middle Ages.* During the Middle Ages, there was a mentality that individuals should devote their lives to the church above everything. In that time education was exclusively based on religion. Many scholars were fixated on the idea that faith was more important than mind and reasoning. This situation changed when Renaissance thinkers split from medieval tradition and emphasized individual experience and materialistic approach to life instead of religious duties. This philosophy emerged due to Italians exploration and revision of the ancient Roman and Greek texts and scriptures partly because they were surrounded by the remnants of Roman Empire and they have noticed the disastrous place Western culture has landed on. They greatly expanded the ancient works and innovated new ideas. Intellectual people such as writers, sculptors, architects were valued in the society, unlike Middle Age times. There was now a new worldview called humanism which valued human beings and brought attention to the human ma gnificence in both physical and mental areas. Humanism also brought increased enthusiasm in exploring things and quest of knowledge. Renaissance intellectuals at the time were in awe of these fresh ideas. Almost every institution saw great changes and secular arrangements. Education saw improvements. Pupils were now separated by their age and skills. Art now was interested in human proportions and realistic aspects. There was still some religious paintings but Renaissance artist mostly drew from and inspired by real life. With printing press’s invention by Johannes Gutenberg allowed for far-reaching access to important secular books and literature and most importantly Bible. It became normal for common people to read and think in their own language. This meant vernacular-meaning their mother tongue- literature aided with the spread of humanistic ideas beyond intellectuals of the time. Writers like Petrarch and Dante wrote in Italian and believed everyone should be able to read in their languages. Scientists also began to value observation over religious teachings and viewed everything with skepticism. They examined their theories by evidence. Even sometimes some scientists like Galileo Galilei gathered enough courage to speak out against the Church. But Renaissance didn’t exclusively mean separation from religion altogether, rather abandoning old Middle Age values and bringing new insights to the human perception of life, art, and everything. Rhetoric was born as a consequence of this. Renaissance was possible thanks to the recovery of Roman and Greek literature by scholars of that time. Latin was also used that time but it was more academic and monkish. Upon revisiting Latin texts in a more secular view people began to shift their consciousness and appreciate ancient culture. They thought they were alike in a worldly sense. They believed they had the same delicacy over important matters and they both believed in the humanities power to tackle everything. Then they started to study Greek which inspired Romans. The Greek manuscripts were present in Italy because during the fall of Constantinople many Christian scholars fled to Rome. They brought tales of Homer and many other important books. This spur philosophical inquiries. These maniscruptures made people start thinking about virtues of the human soul. They were also interested in the usage of language its effects itself. Historian Bruni once said â€Å"knowledge alone is not enough, we must add the power of exp ression to make effectual use of what we know† implying rhetoric. Ancient writings had the other function too. They offered practical teachings about life. They consisted of not theological but moral grounds with given answers secular in nature. This was at its most basic, a belief in the identity of the human spirit under its all epiphanies. They found that in classical texts there existed an ideal of human life, both moral and intellectual, by which they can profit now. During the Renaissance period, people’s views on mankind changed drastically. Before this era scholars were generally speaking with a single voice praising a similar human type which was frail, poor, withdrawn from life, quiet and needy. With Renaissance, the focus on God and religion as the main character shifted to human himself. During this era, art showed people as god-like creatures who were in their perfect shape. This made people feel graceful and beautiful in a sense that made them proud of themselves. For example, Leonardo Da Vinci’s painting Mona Lisa was done to portray the human beauty and inner mystery in realistic ways. There was also inclination for wealth accumulation and striving for better living conditions. Involvement with everyday life and taking care of themselves was becoming the norm. Public duties for common men were often overlooked and praising of extraordinary men with dreamable qualities was taking place. The goal was the manifestation of hu mans unique powers and showing their ability to steer their circumstances using willpower. Their destiny was not up to some higher being rather people with their own being paving their way to achieving the maximum of everything they get their hands on. Individuality was welcomed and people realized they were different on the inside than everyone else and made sense of themselves in the universe and complicated social structures. This obsession with humans can be even seen in almost every art branch of the time. Instead of focusing on traditional illustrations of religious symbols, artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo painted the human frame in every depth possible. With the help of anatomy, they tried to illustrate perfect detail, scale, and dimension. Also to improve upon their realistic values they relied heavily on depth and texture.* Space in their paintings was used to indicate a moving and vivid world with real human beings living ground. They used earthly, meaning tangible, objects to portray a realistic background. While earlier paintings had been 2d objects against white backgrounds and combined many scenes in one painting, Renaissance paintings focused on one particular scene or moment in time in a 3d realistic view like some scenery was localized and frozen in particular time and place. This enabled viewer to enter that artwork. Painters of the Renaissance researched perspective and cre ating the illusion of a three-dimensional area. Art was objectified so every human looking at it can perceive some unchangeable truths about it. It was solidified for the sake of realistic proportions. Artworks represented human as not symbolic or imitation of one another but with their distinct personalities. Architecture and design of most of the constructions had symmetry and ratio to it now. Buildings were built in regarding their luxury and accessibility to aid human use and show off human greatness. Sculptures were made in 3d scale so humans could see it from every direction* Donatello, for example, carved his statues that were meant to stand alone, and be viewed from every angle.* And David created his most well-known sculpture that has the form of the idealistic human body that draws the focus on the individual. In conclusion with Renaissance, Europe, in general, saw a revival of thought, reshaping and secularising every human activity with the wisdom of ancient civilizations and put everything in a realistic, rationalistic foundation. It established human as the center of the universe and found its wonders in this creature. It would change the course of the world for generations to come.

Analysis of A Description of New England by John Smith Essay -- John S

Analysis of A Description of New England by John Smith The author John Smith, a pilgrim who arrived to the Americas, wrote a description of the new land in his book â€Å" A Description of New England †. In this book Smith shows a wonderful world of vast food and pleasure. Also, William Bradford another pilgrim who arrived to Plymouth on the coast of Massachusetts, wrote a book called â€Å" Of Plymouth Plantation † in which he describes what really happened, how the pilgrims actually lived. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast both authors and their books. John Smith wrote about the wonderful place the New World was, on the other hand, William Bradford wrote about the realities and difficulties of the New World. In â€Å" A Description of New England †, Smith starts by describing the pleasure and content that risking your life for getting your own piece of land brings to men. On the other hand, Bradford reminds us how harsh and difficult the trip to the New World was for the p...

Refugee Blues

Positive Image| Negative Image| Effect| Some are living in mansions| Some are living in holes| This shows that while some people are very well off, others, like the refugees, have nowhere decent to live. | Evert spring it blossoms a new| Old passports cant do that| A tree can grow but a passport cant| Saw a poodle in a jacket fastened with a pin| But they weren’t German Jews my dear| Saying how pets get more luxuries then them| Saw fish swimming as if they were free| Only ten feet away | The fish have more freedom then them|Use of language| Example| Effect| Use of repetition| We cannot go there now, my dear, my dear cannot go there now. (â€Å"my dear† repeated in each stanza)| Emphasize how bad there situation is| Language conveying sadness or despair| Asked me politely to return next year, But where shall we go to-day my dear, where shall we go to-day? Makes us feel sympathetic to them | Language about the political situation and the behaviour of the officials| The co nsul banged the table and said: â€Å"if you've got no passport you’re officially dead†| The consul sounds cruel because he’s basically saying they are dead even though they are alive| Language about homelessness| Dreamed I saw a building with a thousand floors, a thousand floors; a thousand windows and a thousand doors; and not one of them was ours, my dear, not one of them was ours. Makes it sound like they are surrounded by so much shelter but they are not allowed in any of them| Language about war| Ten thousand soldiers marched to and fro. Looking for you and me, my dear, looking for you and me| Ten thousand soldiers are looking for two people- All the soldiers are looking for the Jews| | | | | | | Refugee blues- blues musicTen million souls (religious, holy, implies we are all the same) Society is unfair on the way it treats people (some are living in mansions, some are living in holes) Atlas – there not anywhere close to there home, Palestine or Ger many The natural world is in a continual state of renewal, they lost their passports and are no longer citizens They are told to wait and then come again next year – uncaring He compares the angry speeches by Hitler to he thunder in the sky The poodle and cat are treated better then the German views (they cant give the same care to their fellow human beings) Pathetic fallacy- the weather matches the mood of the poem (the snow) Refugee blues is very relevant today, the refugees in England DEJECTED – you've given up on life rejection and despair (dispirited, disheartened, poignant, depressing, Foreboding, mournful, despair, bitterness, resentment, anger)

The Immigrants of America Essay - 1628 Words

The culture of every ethnic group is beautiful in its own way and worth cherishing. Today, America is known as the great melting pot not for the number of immigrants it has but rather because of the wonderful cultures and traditions the immigrants brought with them. Immigrants do not need to forgo their mother tongue, significant celebrations or customs to become American. However to be socially accepted, they will need to learn English, take part in celebrating national holidays and fulfill their patriotic duties Americans like every other U.S citizens. It is important for immigrants to learn to speak and write in English while keeping their native tongue. Without knowing how to speak the common language here, it is impossible to blend†¦show more content†¦A big part of the problem is that they do not get enough experience speaking or writing in their parents’ native language (Population Council). However the bigger part of the problem is most immigrants’ method of parenting. Chinese immigrants’ way of raising their children to speak and write both Chinese and English fluently has proven that it is possible to raise the next generations to be bilingual. According to a study by Eddie Kuo, over 90 percent of the studied Chinese-American families mainly spoke Chinese at home, proving that Chinese are the only immigrants who truly hold on to their language everywhere they go. That is why Chinese is the most common language around the world, before Hindu and English (Ethnologue). It is such a big advantage t o know multiple languages; bilingual people always have higher chances of getting hired, especially if they are in the community in which that their languages are commonly used. Other ethnic groups should really learn from the Chinese and preserve their native language. Something immigrants should never give up is their traditional cultures, arts and celebrations. As mentioned above, it is these traditions that add in to the melting pot, making America such a wonderful and diverse country to live in. We get to celebrate Chinese New Year, eat moon cake and play with lanterns in Vietnamese LunarShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Immigrants in America1739 Words   |  7 PagesHistory The Effects of Immigrants in America The United States of America today resembles a melting pot, because it is filled with many different ethnicities, cultures, and religions, due to the incoming immigrants from different countries. However, there was a time when immigrants were a threat to America, were despised due to economic conflicts, and were socially unaccepted because of their differences. The presence of Immigrants during the 1920s significantly affected America socially and economicallyRead MoreThe Struggle of Immigrants in America900 Words   |  4 Pages The Struggle of Immigrants in America The U.S has a prolonged history of discrimination. In the late 17th century, when America declared as a free country, only the white gentility had the privileged of â€Å"freedom† and African American continue their life as slaves for many decades. As the country grows, it became a dream land, a refuge for immigrations fled from their country to seek freedom and pursuit happiness. However, the gene of discriminations stuck deeply in the mind of the early foundingRead MoreAmerica Is A Country Of Immigrants1578 Words   |  7 Pages368 Date† 02/10/17 Long paper 1, America is a country of immigrants. Therefore, our American ride and achievements merely not be possible without the compeers of immigrants who have come to our coasts from every corner of the earth. And so, it is helpful to take a moment to mirror on the important benefits by the cohorts of immigrants who have helped us build our economy, and made America the economic machine of the world. Therefore, if not some of these Immigrants being here in U.S, the economy willRead MoreAmerica Is A Nation Of Immigrants1561 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States of America is a nation of immigrants. Therefore, our American journey and our achievements merely not be possible without the generations of immigrants who have come to our shores from every corner of the earth. And It is helpful to take a moment to mirror on the important aids by the generations of immigrants who have helped us build our economy, and made America the economic engine of the world. Because some of these Immigrants with the re being here in U.S, the economy will be shakingRead MoreImmigrants in America Essay519 Words   |  3 Pages America is traditionally a country of immigrants. Very few people today have relatives who were Native Americans, many of them because of religious persecution, and others because of they were just looking to start a new life on the exciting untouched frontier. For instance, in Florida, the first arrivals were European, beginning with the Spanish explorer Ponce de Leon who explored the land in 1513, following French and Spanish settlement during the 16th century. From the past, America was seenRead MoreImmigrants Coming to America867 Words   |  3 PagesIn the late 1800’s and early 1900’s many immigrants came to the United States for a better way of life. I chose this particular question because I am first generation American. My parents were born in Sicily; my great grandparents came to the United States in the early 1900’s. My grandmother was born in the United States 1904, although she was born in America her parents did not choose to remain in the United States. Longing for their home land my great grandparents moved the family back toRead MoreThe Importance Of Immigrants In America1230 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica is a land of opportunities and is known to be the melting pot made up of immigrants. With an increase of immigrants there’s a fear among natives that immigrants will steal their job. However, immigrants do not steal their job, instead they create them. In addition Immigrants cause economic growth and are beneficial in our nation. They also affect policy making and labor policies such as discrimination and wages. Many immigrants come to America for better opportunities and a better lifeRead MoreAmerica Is A Country Of Immigrants Essay1872 Words   |  8 Pages America is a country of immigrants. The country was founded by travelers, pilgrims, and entrepreneurs from lands far from the New World. The land was fought and controlled by migrants. The doctrine for which this land gained law and order was written by the decedents of aliens in this land. And a century after the perils of war had been shed, a huge flux of new travelers sought after the riches that were able to be claimed in the beauty of this great expanse of land. There was so little to loseRead MoreAmerica Is The Land Of Immigrants Essay1918 Words   |  8 Pages‘America is the land of immigrants.’- This was the first thing I ever heard about the supreme global power of the 21st century, and my definition of immigration has been expanding since then. Being an immigrant myself, I had the opportunity to gain several fir st hand experiences in the processes of migration and assimilation in a host society. Although the benefit of being a second generation migrant eased my transition than that of many first generation migrants, the culture I brought with me fromRead MoreEssay on America, Land of Immigrants746 Words   |  3 PagesAmerica†¦ Land of Immigrants Being a citizen in the US is a declaration that you have ancestry from somewhere else on the planet, unless you are a Native American. If we are not native, then where do we come from? Our country was founded by people from across the globe aspiring to become established in America. In the process of doing so, these early immigrants produced the social and cultural framework of life in America. For nearly four hundred years, our nation has continuously had every race

Information System Briefing - 734 Words

Information System Briefing Understanding how goals of an organization and the roles of its stakeholders affect the selection process of an information system is vital to the success of that project. To ensure the execution of this task as well as its organization, efficiency, and accuracy, key leaders join creating a team of professionals ready for implementing change (Wager, Wickham Lee, Glaser, 2009) . Learning how to select and acquire an information system, goals that should drive it and the roles of stakeholders is imperative to keep the project from failing. Selecting and Acquiring an Information System The process for selecting and acquiring an information system begins when the benefits of the current system no longer†¦show more content†¦The charge guides the group in tasks that include screening the marketplace and vendor profiles that ensure the consideration of all options, including what determines system goals, and prioritizes, and defines system requirements.(cite) Additionally, the stakeholders combine all established system requirements into a package to for viewing by third party assemblies, which creates a request for proposal (RFP) or a request for information (RFI). Vendors view these to determine if their product meets the needs of the organization (Wager, Wickham Lee, Glaser, 2009) . Conclusion. Each aspect must hold its importance so stakeholders can effectively select and acquire a new system. It takes a strong leader to guide the best of each department in selecting an information system to share the organization. Goals should arise from analyzing previous system errors so that they strategically improve those errors. Clearly communicating, developing, implementing, and maintaining goals and outcomes during the strategic change of an information system are vital to say the least. Wager, K. A., Wickham Lee, F., Glaser, J. (2009). Healthcare Information Systems (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA:Show MoreRelatedInformation System Briefing997 Words   |  4 PagesInformation System Briefing Jennifer Randall HCS/483 April 17, 2012 Calethia Williams, MSHCM Information System Briefing In today’s modernized society, health care organizations rely heavily on information systems. Information technology has improved tremendously over the years, becoming a major advantage to the health care industry. With proper planning, development, and management, information technology can bring about countless efficiency in structural maneuvers. With the constantRead MoreBriefing on the Selection and Acquisition of a Healthcare Information System924 Words   |  4 PagesBriefing on the Selection and Acquisition of a Healthcare Information System Executive Summary In defining the selection and acquisition framework for the healthcare information system under consideration, the creation of an Information technologies (IT) strategic plan is first needed. By definition, an IT strategic plan defines in very specific terms how a proposed IT system will align with and contribute to the strategic plans, objectives and goals of a healthcare organization (Davis, AdamsRead MoreCIO Briefing for Information System Acquisition in a Healthcare Organization816 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Briefing for CIO Information System Acquisition Executive Summary The acquisition of an information technology (IT) system by a healthcare organization must incorporate several different concerns. Generally, there is a process by which the organization determines what functions and capabilities are essential for the new IT system to provide. Much of that concern is dictated by specific goals of the organization, its mission, and the operational elements of the organization. Most importantlyRead MoreLaudon - Business Information Systems16132 Words   |  65 PagesDistinguish between a computer, a computer program, and an information system. What is the difference between data and information? The computer is one physical part of the information system. The program is what operates the computer. An information system is the physical system including computers and networks, software (programs), people who operate the system, and the procedures for operating the system. Data is the basic raw element of facts, information is the processed data that is useful and meaningfulRead MoreAccounting Attachment Report5336 Words   |  22 Pagesindustry. In applying academic material, it is understood more and in familiarising with the work environment, a career option can be chosen. Part of the attachment was for students to create networks. networks are useful in securing jobs and getting information about the industry. 1.2 Methodology The industrial attachment was conducted over the period between May 10th and July 27th 2012. This period amounted to a total of 10 weeks over the school holidays. It was after the third year of study in the degreeRead MoreSystem Briefing999 Words   |  4 PagesSystem Briefing By: LaTreena Alexander HCS/483 April 22, 2013 Augustus Scarlato Once an employee begins employment with a company he or she must first go through completion of the internship program. During the program the employee has a very important briefing that he or she completed on time, and then presented to the CEO of the company. The guidelines required to complete the briefing assignment consist of the explaining in detail the selection process, and how it was affectedRead MorePurpose And Scope Of Communications Management Plan Essay905 Words   |  4 Pagesproject information. It also provides appropriate methods for information collection, screening, formatting and distribution of project information. Additionally, it provides an understanding among project teams regarding actions and processes necessary to facilitate the critical links among people, ideas, and information that are necessary for project success. Communications planning activities identify the appropriate level of communication for each project stakeholder, what information shouldRead MoreThe Role Of Supervisory Administrative Support Specialist For The Drug Enforcement Administration, New York Division ( Nyd )1584 Words   |  7 Pages †¢ DEA recently implemented a new system to account for all OGV’s and their expenditures. The Financial Reconciliation Module (FIRM) system was created to reduce paper usage and to electronically track all vehicle activities. The FIRM system is tied to the financial and property system and the banking institution. I was responsible for training the NYD Vehicle Unit Staff and provided recommendation to HQ’sRead MoreCriminal Justice 1011582 Words   |  7 PagesHowever, in the absence of probable cause, the courts may or may not sign a search warrant. (which is a minimal constitutional standard). (Neubauer, 2004) The precise meaning of probable cause and how it is met can be explained as: The total information of what law enforcement officers have heard, or had known or observed. Probable cause will not rest until the facts supporting the warrant are asserted by the officers as being valid and true to the best of his knowledge. -------------------------------------------------Read MoreMeeting Hall s Marketing Activity Implementation Plan Essay1205 Words   |  5 PagesBriefing agenda Briefing date: 10 January Briefing time: 10.00 am Briefing duration: 2 hrs Team building activity 1. Provide comfortable rest place for breaks. 2. Develop and schedule lunch and learns for employees. 3. With team building fun and fitness in mind, you can schedule fitness sessions in your workplace for employees. Email: To: bob@barkly.com.au; ben@barkly.com.au; Dan@barkly.com.au; becky@barkly.com.au; dave@barkly.com.au; Jane@barkly.com.au; Cc: Jane@barkly.com.au; Bcc: Jane@barkly

The Business and Financial Analysis of Maldives Industrial...

OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS PROJECT The Business and Financial Analysis of Maldives Industrial Fisheries Company Limited From 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2008 Prepared by: Word count: 6486 words TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 PART 1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND 6 OVERALL RESEARCH APPROACH 6 1.1Intoduction 6 1.2 Selecting the Topic 6 1.3 Reason for Choosing â€Å"Mifco† 6 1.4 Principal Activities (Mifco) 7 1.5 Project Aims and Objectives 7 1.6 Research Questions 8 1.7 Overall Research Approach 8 1.8 Conclusion 9 PART 2 INFORMATION GATHERING AND 10 ACCOUNTING/BUSINESS TECHNIQUES 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Sample Design and Data†¦show more content†¦It also allowed the use of raw data and analysis it in a real context, which I found challenging and would test my understanding of the subject area. The topic is interesting; mainly it necessitates analyzing the financial situation of a company. As a professional student, it helps me to learn more and exercise the analysis in a more practical manner. 1.3 Reason for Choosing â€Å"Mifco† The project is based on Maldives Industrial Fisheries Company (Mifco), because it is one of the best leading companies of Maldives. Also it is a company that contributes to the development of the fishing community. Mifco, officially incorporated in November 1993, spearheads fisheries contribution, development and strengthening based on the livelihood of over 20% of the population, employing no less than 11% of the labour force. Mifco pioneered and now leads the development and interest of the fishermen and the fisheries sector. The second largest occupation next to tourism; fishing is in the blood of the Maldivian people. Mifco owns and manages three main operational centers across the country; these in turn are backed up by a fleet of carriers and collector vessels. The products are environment friendly, emphasizing on the uniqueness of the ‘Maldivian touch’ and a distinct Maldivian feel to the end product. Modern collection system implemented on the operation centers and outlets mean that variousShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Impacts of Tourism6014 Words   |  25 Pagesextraction of water, this can result in water scarcity. If the water comes from wells, overpumping can cause saline intrusion into groundwater. Golf resorts are more and more often situated in or near protected areas or areas where resources are limited, exacerbating their impacts. An average golf course in a tropical country such as Thailand needs 1500kg of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides per year and uses as much water as 60,000 rural villagers. Source: Tourism Concern | LocalRead MorePrimary Sector of Economy17717 Words   |  71 PagesThis is contrasted with the secondary sector, producing manufactures and other processed goods, and the tertiary sector, producing services. The primary sector is usually most important in less developed countries, and typically less important in industrial countries. The manufacturing industries that aggregate, pack, package, purify or process the raw materials close to the primary producers are normally considered part of this sector, especially if the raw material is unsuitable for sale or difficultRead MoreEdexcel Igcse Economics Answer49663 Words   |  199 Pagesproduction. The owner of the business is reducing supply because costs are rising. Wages have increased significantly, gas has gone up by 30 per cent and the rent on the factory has just increased by  £2,000. These rising costs have resulted in the business cutting back production.  © Pearson Education Ltd 2010 7 (b) The owner has asked the production manager to lay off four members of staff. This is presumably in response to rising wages and other costs. The business is cutting back on production

Revenue Generation for Twitter

Question: Discuss about the Revenue Generation for Twitter. Answer: Introduction Twitter is a social networking and micro-blogging service that enables users to communicate each other using the Twitter platform. The mission of the company is to empower individuals to create and share ideas and information with the world freely. Twitter offers a medium of self-expression and provides a platform to communicate globally in real time. The messages or tweets are limited to 140 characters to support SMS-based messaging system, as most of the users use the service through mobile devices. A user of the service has the option of choosing the individuals or groups to follow and this activity can be asymmetric (About.twitter.com 2016). In this report, the prospect of charging users of Twitter, the impact of taking the step and survey of techniques to accomplish the task of charging the user will be discussed. Twitter should start charging the usage of Twitter Twitter, Inc. is a San Francisco based company that was created by Evan Williams, Biz Stone, Noah Glass and Jack Dorsey in March 2006. The company initially started as a project, named twttr, in the podcasting company Odeo because the domain Twitter was occupied by a bird enthusiast. The company, however, took over the domain name a few months after its launch and renamed the service. The founders formed Obvious Corporations that took over Odeo and its components. Twitter was incorporated in Delaware and went public on 2013 trading under the New York Stock Exchange. According to company reports dated June 2016, the number of monthly active users, or MAUs, is 313 million and 79% of the accounts in Twitter belong to users outside the United States. The company has 35 offices around the world in which 3860 employees work globally. Majority of the users (89%) access the service using mobile devices and the service 40 different languages. Users are not directly charged for the use of the service. The creation of content by users drives in more users and increases activity in the network that attracts more users and this user base exerts a pull on advertisers and platform partners, consequently generating revenue for Twitter. Precisely, advertisement is the primary revenue generation method of Twitter. According to BBC (BBC News 2016), promoting tweets, accounts or trends are the three alternates of advertisement an individual or group have on twitter. Twitter follows pay-per-click (PPC) internet business model and charge advertisers based on the activity their content generates, including retweets. The priority of displayed content is another factor for which Twitter charges its advertisers. Other revenue generation activity includes data licensing. Twitter allows companies and organizations to analyze the data generated by its users, to conduct market research and interpret market sentiments (Rosenthal et al. 2014). According to Forbes (Forbes 2016), the business model of Twitter is broken because the interests of its stakeholders (users and advertisers) are contradictory. Users of Twitter or any other service prefer receiving relevant content only, whereas advertisers want to reach out to every individual. Display of irrelevant adverts annoys the user that leads to the decline in the use of Twitter, the result of which would be the decline in advertisers. Charging the users for the use of Twitter is the only viable option for Twitter to balance the user experience on Twitter and revenue generation for the company. Pros and cons of charging individual user Twitter faces considerable financial loses with its business structure, even with a user base over 300 million. The company had a staggering rise in its user base during the initial years. The company has reached its saturation point, and the growth in users has been stabilized. The generation of revenue by the company is dependent on its advertisers and advertisers are largely drawn to the increase of users and user activities on the platform. The advertisement activity also needs to be limited as increased adverts might affect the user base of Twitter adversely (NASDAQ 2016). Charging the users of Twitter will have prominent effect on the business. The company will be able to generate revenue without relying completely on its advertisers and platform partners. The independence will enable the company to shift its focus completely on its users and enhance the user experience on the platform. Betterment of the platform will attract more users to twitter that will result in increased attention from advertisers. Broad user base and user satisfaction will dictate Twitters demand among advertisers and generate quality revenue for the company. Users are used to perceiving Twitter as a free service and making the service chargeable will definitely hit its user base. The affect however depends on the charge imposed and the necessity of Twitter among the users. A subtle fact to be understood is that a user unwilling to pay a nominal fees for the use of a service as Twitter will rarely be affected by the advertisements and hence is not of consequence to the advertisers. The charge will also purge the platform from fickle users (Sanghoee 2016). Twitters real-time broadcasting capabilities make it a competitor of Facebook and Google. Twitter uses interest graphs to understand and predict user preferences and provides live feedback from person of interest. The company is trying to enhance its user base by providing live streaming facilities. The company paid $10 million to own the rights of live streaming the National Football League (NFL) of the United States. This activity is supposed to spur the user base of Twitter and offer the company new users. Facilities of this magnitude will attract more users and the existing user base will not be affected by a nominal charge. Recommendations Charging an online service has a number of approaches and Twitter has a number of options to choose. The identification of the appropriate charging mechanism that is suitable for its business and aligned with its user requirements is vital. Monthly or annual subscription charge Monthly or annual subscription charge is the most common and convenient candidate. Users will pay a periodic subscription charge in this method, in order to avail the service for the period. The charge may include factor like economy of the region and popularity of the application. The simplicity of the charging mechanism makes it the most favorable technique. On demand charge/ Charge per tweet On demand charge or charge per tweet is another candidate. Users will pay for the number of tweets they post. This technique has the added advantage of keeping the platform clean from irrelevant content and the most relevant and important contents will be available online (Khraim 2015). Charging the followers A large quantity of Twitter users are interested in following certain individuals or user groups. Charging the followers offers an enormous prospect of generating revenue. Profiles of celebrities, politicians and leaders possess a huge number of followers, as Twitter offers real time feeds. This facility, however, is free. Maintenance of the traffic, however, incurs cost from the companys end. Ad free Twitter Another charging technique is to let a user have an ad free experience for a price. This offers the user the option to choose from a better user experience or a free use of service with adverts. All the techniques offer individual prospects and their incorporation depends on the business strategy of Twitter and its user preferences. Conclusion Twitter offers an enormous potential with its simple structure and global reach. The prospect of reaching millions of people in real time is the foundation of Twitters success. Charging the user for the use of Twitter will enable the company to be financially independent from its advertisers and platform partners; but charging the user has the prospect of affecting the user base of Twitter directly. The implementation of the charging process should be gradual and undertaken only after understanding the sentiments of its users and analysis of the market.The service however is completely dependent on its users. The loss of user base will be the end of Twitter. This aspect of the business makes the alignment of Twitters financial requirements with its user interests, imperative. The company has a bright future if it is able to adapt itself to market requirements and undertake apt strategies in the process. References "Using Interest Graphs to Predict Rich-Media Diffusion in Content-Based Online Social Networks." (2015). About.twitter.com. (2016).Company | About. [online] Available at: https://about.twitter.com/company [Accessed 28 Nov. 2016]. BBC News. (2016). How does Twitter make money? - BBC News. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-24397472 [Accessed 28 Nov. 2016]. Forbes.com. (2016).Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jerrybarca/2016/09/16/twitters-nfl-live-streaming-debut-commence-cable-cutting-sports-fans/#60c076f31c0d [Accessed 28 Nov. 2016]. Forbes.com. (2016).Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/currentaccounts/2016/07/18/twitter-should-charge-membership-fee/#3a318c3162f2 [Accessed 28 Nov. 2016]. Forbes.com. (2016).Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2016/02/12/twitters-business-model-remains-broken-stock-price-too-high/2/#42aa7dd5533a [Accessed 28 Nov. 2016]. Khraim, H.S., 2015. The Effect of Using Pay Per Click Advertisement on Online Advertisement Effectiveness and Attracting Customers in E-marketing Companies in Jordan.International Journal of Marketing Studies,7(1), p.180. NASDAQ.com. (2016).TWITTER, INC. (TWTR) IPO. [online] Available at: https://www.nasdaq.com/markets/ipos/company/twitter-inc-763922-73652 [Accessed 28 Nov. 2016]. NASDAQ.com. (2016).TWTR Income Statement. [online] Available at: https://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/twtr/financials?query=income-statement [Accessed 28 Nov. 2016]. Rosenthal, S., Ritter, A., Nakov, P. and Stoyanov, V., 2014, August. Semeval-2014 task 9: Sentiment analysis in twitter. InProceedings of the 8th international workshop on semantic evaluation (SemEval 2014)(pp. 73-80). Sanghoee, S. (2016).Why Twitter should charge per tweet. [online] Fortune. Available at: https://fortune.com/2014/02/21/why-twitter-should-charge-per-tweet/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2016].